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P6 - UK - Tower Bridge


Tower Bridge by night,UK




Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, England, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, which gives it its name. It has become an iconic symbol of London. Tower Bridge is one of several London bridges owned and maintained by the City Bridge Trust, a charitable trust overseen by the City of London Corporation.

The bridge consists of two towers which are tied together at the upper level by means of two horizontal walkways which are designed to withstand the horizontal forces exerted by the suspended sections of the bridge to the left and the right. The vertical component of the forces in the suspended sections and the vertical reactions of the two walkways are carried by the two robust towers. The bascule pivots and operating machinery are housed in the base of each tower. Its present colour dates from 1977 when it was painted red, white and blue for the Queen's Silver Jubilee. Before this, it was painted a chocolate brown colour.


伦敦塔桥是位于英国伦敦一座横跨泰晤士河铁桥,因位于伦敦塔附近而得名。伦敦塔桥有时被误称为伦敦桥,其实真正的伦敦桥是另一座完全不同的桥梁,位于伦敦塔桥的上游。

19世纪下半页,随着伦敦经济的发展城市东部越来越紧要地需要一座横跨泰晤士河的桥梁。但这座桥不能是传统的桥,因为当时的码头位于伦敦桥和伦敦塔之间,假如新桥太低的话船就无法开到码头了。1870年泰晤士河下的一条人行地道开通了,但它依然无法取代一座新的桥梁的需要。

1876年一个特别委员会成立来讨论这个过河问题的解决方案。它开始了一个方案设计竞赛,一共收到了50个不同的方案。但此后的讨论却拖延了许多时间和导致了很多激烈的辩论,最后这个委员会于1884年决定采用霍拉斯·琼斯的方案。

琼斯的设计是一座244米长的开启桥,桥有两个桥塔,每个塔高65米。桥的中部长61米,分为两扇,每扇可以竖起到83度来让河流交通通过。这两扇桥段各重上千吨,它们的轴位于它们的重心上来减小它们起升时所需要的力,它们可以在一分钟内升起。一开始这个升降装置是液压的,为此它有六个水库来产生高压水。蒸汽机把水从水库泵入液压装置。今天桥是用电动机来升降的,但过去的蒸汽机机构依然保留可供参观。

1886年伦敦塔桥开建,建造共历时8年,5个主要建筑公司和共432建筑工人参与工程。两座坚固的桥墩共使用了70,000吨水泥,桥塔和桥身共用了1.1万吨钢铁。桥塔和桥身的钢铁骨架外铺设花岗岩和波特兰石来保护骨架和增加美观。

琼斯于1887年逝世,他的总工程师约翰·沃尔夫-巴瑞爵士成为工程领导人。沃尔夫-巴瑞改变了琼斯一开始的中世纪式的表面装潢,而使用了更有修饰性的维多利亚时代的新哥特式的装饰。

伦敦塔桥于1894年通车,当时的英国王储,后来的爱德华七世与他的王妃参加通车典礼


References sources : wikipedia

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