P99 - Holland - Tulip & Windmill

Windmills & Tulips, Holland

The Netherlands is so closely associated with windmills, that it's often the first fact people recall about the country. The Dutch built windmills for many centuries (and to some extent, the windmills built the country itself, since without them much of the land drainage could not have occured). In that time the mills were developed for corn milling, land drainage, saw milling, and in fact all manner of industrial purposes. Despite this widespread use, Dutch mills are in may ways quite primitive - using canvas sails, and turned to wind by hand (as distinct from the automated mechanisms that were developed for English windmills, including the fantail, and shuttered sails).

There are a very pleasing number of remaining windmills in the Netherlands - the number is about 1150 and rising, in that the Dutch only count complete workable mills, and in the past 10 years especially many extensive rebuilds have occured to add to this number.

荷兰素有“风车王国”的美称，在荷兰随处可见的一座座古朴而典雅优美的风车，给这个美丽的国度增添了几分姿色。1229年荷兰人发明了世界上第一座风车，从此开始了人类使用风车的历史。风车首先在荷兰出现主要取决于荷兰独特的地理位置和荷兰人对动力的迫切需求。荷兰这一国名在英语和荷兰语中都是“低洼之地”的意思，荷兰是世界著名的低洼之国，国内3／5的土地低于海平面，余下的 2／5海拔不到1米。

荷兰地处欧洲西部海岸，与大不列颠岛遥遥相望并构成漏斗形尾部的地理特征，大西洋季风从北海长驱直入，荷兰正处风带要冲，长年受益，风车也就应运而生。到了18世纪，荷兰风车达到了鼎盛时期，全国有18000座风车，风车除了用来排水灌溉外，还用来磨米发电，荷兰人依靠这些风车变沧海为良田，建设美好家园。一代又一代的荷兰人，修筑了坚固的海堤和沟渠，他们采用了风车逐级提水的方法，把倒灌的海水排入大海。然后通过种植不同种类的植物，把大片的盐碱地逐步改造成了茂盛的草场和鲜花的种植园。如今的荷兰，已经成为世界上最大的鲜花输出国，人均奶牛拥有量居世界第四，奶酪生产名冠全球。今天荷兰的大风车，已经成为了荷兰人精神的象征。它默默地矗立着，向每一个来到那里的人，无言地诉说着前人们艰苦创业和建设美好家园的动人故事。

19世纪后，荷兰风车开始走下坡路，风车的用途逐渐被蒸汽机和电力所取代。目前，荷兰仅剩970座风车，其中只有210座还在继续使用，余下的均作为历史古迹保留下来供人参观。荷兰人对风车有着深厚的感情，他们视风车为国家的“功臣”和国宝，把风车看成民族和国家的象征。每年5月的第二个星期六是荷兰的风车节，这一天全国的风车一齐转动举国欢庆。

References sources : windmillworld, 互动百科