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P192 - Bulgaria - Nessebar


Nessebar, Bulgaria (UNESCO WHS)




Nesebar is an ancient city and a major seaside resort on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria, located in Nesebar municipality, Burgas Province. Often referred to as the "Pearl of the Black Sea" and "Bulgaria's Dubrovnik", Nesebar is a rich city-museum defined by more than three millennia of ever-changing history.

It is a one of the most prominent tourist destinations and seaports on the Black Sea, in what has become a popular area with several large resorts—the largest, Sunny Beach, is situated immediately to the north of Nesebar.

Nesebar has on several occasions found itself on the frontier of a threatened empire, and as such it is a town with a rich history. The ancient part of the town is situated on a peninsula (previously an island) connected to the mainland by a narrow man-made isthmus, and it bears evidence of occupation by a variety of different civilisations over the course of its existence. Its abundance of historic buildings prompted UNESCO to include Nesebar in its list of World Heritage Sites in 1983.


内塞巴尔古城建立于公元前两千年,历史上起防御功能。内塞巴尔(从前的是色雷人的梅森布利亚,后来为希腊人控制)位于保加利亚沿黑海的海岸一个半岛上的石质海角上。1934年以前,曾沿用其色雷斯名而称之为“梅森布里亚”。全城位于一个半岛上,与大陆仅有一线土地相联,半岛上多岩石,四周景色秀丽。沿着唯一的一条宽仅15-23米的通道,穿过围墙中的古门,方能进入。建城已有2000余年的历史。

色雷人从公元前十二世纪到公元前六世纪居住于梅内布里亚,这里是黑海上最古老的人类定居点。梅森布利亚在公元前510年左右成为希腊的殖民地,是当时本都-尤辛努斯地区(Pontus-Euxinus),即现在的黑海地区殖民地中最古老的一个。公元72年,梅森布利亚被罗马帝国的势力征服。公元395,随着罗马帝国的分裂,这里成为拜占庭帝国的重要据点。拜占庭期,曾为富饶的商业城市。保加利亚的第一个王国在公元812年到927年处于国家全盛时期。在接下来的几个世纪里,这座城市交替处于希腊和保加利亚的统治之下。梅森布利亚即后来的密斯维里(Misivri)在公元1453年成为奥斯曼帝国的附庸,也正在那一年君士坦丁堡被攻陷。之后,这里一直到1878年都处于土耳其的统治之下。

内塞巴尔现为一处疗养胜地,有著名的“向阳海滩”。城内多历史古迹,这里留存的10多座教堂几乎代表了基督教文明的每一个时期,从建于公元五世纪的最古老教堂直到上世纪末的教堂,每代都有杰出建筑,故有“天然博物馆之称”,其中大部分建于十三、十四世纪,以圣约翰.阿利特格托斯教堂最为精致,保存也较好,施洗者圣约翰教堂也很吸引人,这些教堂的建筑工艺富有独创性。小块的凝灰岩和数排砖头交错重叠,构成不同寻常的装饰图案。在自然的防御站点的入口发现的公元前6世纪的希腊防御工事的遗迹,塔楼以石灰石包装,遗迹大小为800m×300m,其中拥有小广场和窄小的、弯曲的街道。

城市的木质建筑装饰以彩色的石头和陶瓷,可追溯到18、19世纪保加利亚文艺复兴时期。中世纪拜占庭和保加利亚建成的包括内赛巴尔古建筑群在内的和谐的建筑群,包括教堂和礼拜堂,是和谐的砖石结构。“内赛巴尔是数个已经灭绝文明见证”,它“再现了从不同方面,一个濒危帝国边境的边塞城市的重要历史地位。”

内巴塞尔古城位于黑海多岩石的半岛上,3000年前遗址最初是色雷斯的殖民地。后来,这座城市成为希腊殖民地而且是拜占庭帝国最重要的要塞之一。城市的古迹大约可以从希腊化时代开始,古城包括卫城、阿波罗神庙和广场。其他重要的古迹是建于19世纪具有普罗夫迪夫风格的旧米特罗利亚大会堂和木屋。

内塞巴尔古城于1983年根据文化遗产遴选标准C(Ⅲ)(Ⅳ)被列入《世界遗产目录》。


References sources : wikipedia, 百度百科

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