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P215 - India - Taj Mahal


Taj Mahal, India (UNESCO WHS) (New Seven Wonders of the World )




The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum located in Agra, India, built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

The Taj Mahal (also "the Taj") is considered the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles. In 1983, the Taj Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage Site and was cited as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."

While the white domed marble mausoleum is its most familiar component, the Taj Mahal is actually an integrated complex of structures. Building began around 1632 and was completed around 1653, and employed thousands of artisans and craftsmen.The construction of the Taj Mahal was entrusted to a board of architects under imperial supervision including Abd ul-Karim Ma'mur Khan, Makramat Khan, and the Persian Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, although Lahauri is generally considered to be the principal designer.


泰姬瑪哈陵是印度知名度最高的古迹之一,處於北方邦阿格拉,是莫臥兒王朝第5代皇帝沙迦罕為了紀念他已故皇后姬蔓·芭奴而建立的陵墓,竣工於1654年。被譽為「完美建築」。

泰姬本名亞珠曼德·貝儂·比古姆,原本在市集賣糖果的美少女,1612年與庫拉穆王子結婚,賜予「慕塔芝瑪哈(Mumtaz Mahal)」的封號。入宮19年,苦於多孕,生有八男六女,1630年姬蔓·芭奴在第14次生產中,不幸感染產褥熱,死於南征的軍營中。臨終前向皇上提出了4個遺願,其中一項便是為她建造一座美麗陵墓。1633年,泰姬瑪哈陵在印度北部亞穆納河轉彎處的大花園內開始動工興建,當時極負盛名的建築師拉何利,以德里的胡馬雍陵為藍圖,動員2萬名來自世界各地的工匠、書法家,融合中亞、波斯、和印度本土風格,花了22年時間,完成了這座偉大的純白大理石藝術建築。泰姬瑪哈建物高250英尺,佔地約17萬平方公尺,南北長580米,寬305米,有前庭、正門、蒙兀兒花園、陵墓主體、清真寺。

花園中間是一個大理石水池,水池盡頭則是陵墓,內有兩座空的石棺,棺木一大一小,沙賈汗王及皇后葬於空棺處地下的土窖內。陵墓主殿四角都有圓柱形高塔一座,每座塔均向外傾斜12度。墓室中央有一塊大理石的紀念碑,上面刻著幾行波斯文:「封號宮中翹楚泰姬瑪哈之墓」。站在陵墓旁邊迴廊中央的石塊上,可以感受到強烈的迴音,令人迷濛不已。後方草坪為當時宮殿的葡萄園。主體建築外觀以最高級純白大理石打造,內外鑲嵌美麗的寶石(水晶、翡翠、孔雀石),陵墓的每一面都有33米高的拱門,陵前水池中的倒影,看起來好像有兩座泰姬瑪哈陵。

泰姬瑪哈陵在早中晚所呈現出的面貌各不相同,早上是燦爛的金色,白天的陽光下是耀眼的白色,斜陽夕照下,白色的泰姬瑪哈陵從灰黃、金黃,逐漸變成粉紅、暗紅、淡青色,而在月光下又成了銀白色,白色大理石映著淡淡的藍色螢光,更給人一種恍若仙境的感覺。有人說,不看泰姬瑪哈陵,就不算到過印度;不在月光下來到泰姬瑪哈陵,就不算到過泰姬瑪哈陵。2004年11月27日,泰姬瑪哈陵有條件的對遊客開放夜遊,門票高達1500盧比,成為世界上惟一一個早中晚遊覽票價不一樣的景點。

1657年他的兒子奧朗則布(Aurangzeb)篡位,沙迦罕被囚禁於阿格拉堡,阿格拉城堡是由紅色砂岩建造,又稱「紅堡」,城堡四圍有護城河,長達2.5公里,牆高20餘米。晚年由最小的女兒照顧飲食,每天透過八角房的小窗,遠眺河裏浮動的泰姬瑪哈陵倒影,後來視力惡化,僅藉著一顆寶石的折射,來觀看泰姬瑪哈陵。七年後抑鬱而終,葬於愛妻身旁。

印度詩人泰戈爾說,泰姬瑪哈陵是「一滴愛的淚珠」,「沙賈汗,你知道,生命和青春,財富和榮耀,都會隨光陰流逝……只有這一顆淚珠,泰姬瑪哈陵,在歲月長河的流淌裏,光彩奪目,永遠,永遠。」但也有人認為,沙迦罕只是一個好大喜功的暴君,沉溺在性愛與毒品當中,種下印度莫臥兒帝國日後沒落的後果,最後被囚禁於阿格拉堡當中。

1983年泰姬瑪哈陵被列入世界遺產名單。2004年是泰姬瑪哈陵建成350週年。印度政府定為「泰姬瑪哈陵國際年」。


References sources : Wikipedia

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