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| Turku Cathedral, Finland |
Showing posts with label Finland. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Finland. Show all posts
P508 - Finland - Turku Cathedral
Turku Cathedral, Finland
Turku Cathedral is the Mother Church of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, and the country's national shrine. It is the central church of the Archdiocese of Turku and the seat of the Archbishop of Finland, Kari Mäkinen. It is also regarded as one of the major records of Finnish architectural history.
图尔库大教堂（Turku Cathedral）是芬兰路德教的主教堂，也是芬兰最有名的中世纪大教堂。教堂始终于1229年，曾多次扩建，到14世纪末达到了目前的规模。
References sources : wikipedia
P394 - Finland - Finnish National Opera, Helsinki
Finnish National Opera, Helsinki, Finland
The Finnish National Opera in Helsinki is the leading opera company in Finland. Its home base is the Opera House on Töölönlahti bay in Töölö which opened in 1993. The Opera House features state-of-the-art technology and two auditoriums: the main auditorium with 1,350 seats and a smaller studio auditorium with 300 to 500 seats.
芬兰国家歌剧院于1993年建成，座落在赫尔辛基市中心曼德海姆大街和赫尔辛基大街的交汇处，交通便利，是优雅的芬兰式建筑典范，与芬兰大厦堪称姊妹建筑。其风格是传统文化与现代潮流相结合，由Eero Hyvamaki，Jukka Karhunen和Risto Parkkinen三位建筑师设计。其外立面的几何线条简洁有力，饰面以白色为主体，局部用略深的色块作点缀，使“北欧白都”赫尔辛基又增添了几分清新。
References sources : wikipedia,视觉中国
P375 - Finland - Olavinlinna castle in Savonlinna
Olavinlinna, a 15th century three-tower castle located in Savonlinna, Finland
Savonlinna (The Finnish name means Castle of Savonia.) is a town and a municipality of 27,828 (28 February 2009) inhabitants in the southeast of Finland, in the heart of the Saimaa lake region.
The city was founded in 1639, based around Olavinlinna. The castle was founded by Erik Axelsson Tott in 1475 in an effort to protect Savonia and to control the unstable border between the Kingdom of Sweden and its Russian adversary. During the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743), the castle was captured by Field-Marshal Peter Lacy. It was held by Russia between 1743 and 1812, when it was granted back to Finland as a part of the "Old Finland".
Olavinlinna (Swedish: Olofsborg; literally St. Olaf's Castle) is a 15th century three-tower castle located in Savonlinna, Finland. It is the world's most northern medieval stone fortress still standing.
Currently, the castle hosts several small exhibitions, including the Castle Museum which displays artifacts found in the castle or related to it, and the Orthodox Museum which displays icons and other religious artifacts both from Finland and Russia. The castle forms a spectacular stage for the Savonlinna Opera Festival, held annually in the summer since 1912.
薩翁林納 (Savonlinna)位於全歐最大湖區中心位置的薩翁林納，是緊握塞馬湖航運樞紐的主要重鎮。薩城由一組群島所組成，週圍湖水也少受污染。
五百多年前瑞典皇朝於此建立城堡，以防範來自東方的俄國侵略。及後，以貿易為主的移民在城堡四周聚集定居，薩翁林納逐漸發展成東部繁榮重鎮。
如今薩翁林納是芬蘭主要旅遊城市，城堡每年一度的大型歌劇節，更替這處美麗湖水，加添繽紛色彩。
薩翁林納城堡建於1475年的薩翁林納城堡，是北歐保存最好一座。這巍峨中古建築倒影在清幽湖水上，景致美得令人一見難忘；無論在藍天白雲下，或斜陽暮色中，也叫欣賞者迷醉不已。
* 城堡內有兩所博物館展覽以前歷史。
* 每年一度薩翁林納歌劇節，就是在此宏大內院中舉行。
References sources : wikipedia, 芬兰旅游局
P368 - Finland - Korpoo, Houtskär, Iniö, Nagu
Korpoo, Houtskär, Iniö, Nagu - Finnish Archipelago, Finland
Archipelago Sea is a part of the Baltic Sea between the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland and the Sea of Åland, within Finnish territorial waters. By some definitions it is the largest archipelago in the world by the number of islands, although the islands are very small and tightly clustered.
The larger islands are inhabited and connected by ferries and bridges. The Åland Islands, including the largest islands of the region, form an autonomous region within Finland. The rest of the islands are part of Finland Proper. The Archipelago Sea is a significant tourist destination.
Korpo is a former municipality of Finland. On 1 January 2009, it was consolidated with Houtskär, Iniö, Nagu and Pargas to form the new town of Väståboland.
群島海是波羅的海的一部份。位於波的尼亞灣和芬蘭灣之間的芬蘭領海。群島海中的島很小，而且聚集在一個細小的區域；但是以島的數量計，群島海是世界最大的多島海。群島海的地貌主要由冰川作用構造而成。
海域中較大的一些島嶼有居民居住，並有輪渡和橋樑連接。最大島嶼奧蘭島和周邊無數的小島組成了芬蘭的一個自治省。所有的島嶼都屬於西南芬蘭管轄。群島海也是著名的旅遊勝地之一。
References sources : wikipedia
P243 - Finland - Kristinestad's new cathedral
Kristinestad's new cathedral, Kristinestad, Finland
Kristinestad (Finnish: Kristiinankaupunki) is a town and a municipality in Finland. It is located in the western part of Finland on the shore of the Bothnian Sea. The population of Kristinestad is 7,256 (31 March 2009) and the municipality covers an area of 682.48 km2 (263.51 sq mi) (excluding sea areas) of which 14.68 km2 (5.67 sq mi) is inland water (1 January 2009). The population density is 10.63 /km² (27.5 /sq mi). The population is bilingual with a majority speaking Swedish (57%) and the minority Finnish (42%). The town was chartered in 1649 at Koppö island and is named for Queen Christina of Sweden. Kristinestad is known for its old town with low wooden houses and narrow alleys.
The new cathedral in Kristinestad was built in 1897. The architect was Jac Ahrenberg.
Kristinestad 位于芬兰西南部。城市约有 8000 名人口。 Kristinestad 地界里和附近地区内有不少旅游景点。
Kristinestad新教堂建于1897年，为Jac Ahrenberg所设计。
References sources : Wikipedia
P232 - Finland - Maria's Day festival in Lapland
Traditional Lapp costumes are still worn during Maria's Day festival, Lapland, Finland
The Province of Lapland (Finnish: Lappi; Northern Sami: Lappi; Swedish: Lappland) is one of the Provinces of Finland. The municipalities in the province cooperate in a Regional Council, which also makes it the Region of Lapland. It borders the Province of Oulu and the Region of North Ostrobothnia in the south. It also borders to the Gulf of Bothnia, Norrbotten County in Sweden, Finnmark County and Troms County in Norway and to Murmansk Oblast in Russia. In some parts of the world, particularly Britain and Finland itself, it is considered the traditional home of Santa Claus (Joulupukki).
Lapland is the home of about 3.6% of Finland's population, and is by far the least densely populated area in the country. The biggest towns in Lapland Province are Rovaniemi (the provincial capital), Kemi, and Tornio. Of the more than 185 000 inhabitants, less than 5% are Sami people.
拉普蘭省，又稱拉皮省 （芬蘭語、薩米語：Lappi；瑞典語：Lappland）是芬蘭的一個省，位於該國北部。面積98,946平方公里，2002年人口187,777人。首府羅瓦涅米。
拉普兰省是一片神奇的土地，位于北极圈内，占芬兰总面积的四分之一。特殊的地理位置与严酷的气候条件，令这片人烟稀少的地区至今保持着神奇而迷人的色彩。清新的空气、纯净的旷野、质朴的民俗，使这里成为世界上仅剩不多的未被污染与破坏的地区。全年都有壮阔的风光任你畅游，著名的有夏季的午夜太阳与冬季的北极光。
拉普兰德不仅是拉普人与驯鹿的家园，也是圣诞老人的故乡。
References sources : wikipedia,Love Destiny
P231 - Finland - Lake Scenery
Beautiful lake scenery of Finland
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland. The capital city is Helsinki.Finland is a country of thousands of lakes and islands – 187,888 lakes (larger than 500 m²) and 179,584 islands. One of these lakes, Saimaa, is the fourth largest in Europe.
Around 5.3 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern part of the country. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. The native language for most of the population is Finnish, a member of the Finno-Ugric language family most closely related to Estonian, and is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin. The other official language of Finland, Swedish, is the mother tongue of 5.5 percent of the population.Finland is a democratic, parliamentary republic with a mostly Helsinki-based central government and local governments in 348 municipalities. A total of a million residents live in Greater Helsinki (including Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa) and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other major cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Kuopio and Lahti.
Finland was historically a part of Sweden and from 1809 an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. Finland's declaration of independence from Russia in 1917 was followed by a civil war, wars against the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, and a period of official neutrality during the Cold War. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955, the OECD in 1969, and the European Union in 1995 and participates in the Eurozone. Finland has been ranked the second most stable country in the world, in a survey based on social, economic, political, and military indicators.
Finland has good results in many international comparisons of national performance such as the share of high-technology manufacturing, public education, health care, the rate of gross domestic product growth, and the protection of civil liberties.
芬蘭共和國（芬蘭語：Suomi）是北歐國家，陸地上與瑞典、挪威和俄羅斯接壤，西南面被波羅的海環繞，東南部為芬蘭灣，西面則為波的尼亞灣。芬兰被誉为“千岛之国”与“千湖之国”：精确来说全国共有187,888个湖泊和179,584个岛屿。
芬蘭嚴峻的氣候條件以及特殊的地理位置和歷史，使芬蘭人形成了極富北歐特色的民族性格和文化。芬蘭人性格內斂，行事低調，但實際上內心充滿民族自豪感，在全球化的今天並不隨波逐流，而是堅定的維護著自己的傳統文化。
芬蘭有很多著名的藝術家：偉大的音樂家西貝流士開創了民族音樂的新紀元，被譽為芬蘭民族音樂之父；語言學家倫洛特搜集編撰的充滿傳奇色彩的民族史詩《卡勒瓦拉》成為世界文學史中最偉大的史詩之一；著名建築大師阿爾瓦·阿爾托以充滿芬蘭本土傳統浪漫風格的設計在現代主義建築設計潮流中獨樹一幟。芬蘭還有一批世界一流的藝術家。尤為特別的是，芬蘭極具本民族文化特色的設計風格使許多幾十年前的工藝品和建築物在現代人眼中仍是新穎別緻、富有想象力的傑作。出自芬蘭設計大師之手的作品大都以簡潔實用的設計風格、優質的材料和精美的做工而享譽世界。
芬蘭還是聖誕老人的故鄉。1927年芬蘭的兒童故事大王瑪爾庫斯在電台講故事時說，聖誕老人和兩萬頭馴鹿一起就住在芬蘭和蘇聯分界的拉布蘭省「耳朵山」上，正是因為有「耳朵」，聖誕老人才能在北極聽到世界上所有孩子的心聲。他的這種頗有感染力的浪漫推理獲得了世人認可，從此，故事中的「耳朵山」就成了聖誕老人的故鄉。在每年的平安夜孩子們在睡覺前將長筒襪掛在壁爐旁，然後帶著熱切的期盼進入夢鄉，聖誕老人晚上就會乘著馴鹿拉的雪橇，把聖誕禮物從壁爐煙囪中分發到孩子們的長筒襪裡。
除了藝術，芬蘭人還發明了桑拿浴，號稱芬蘭的國粹。芬蘭諺語說：先建桑拿，再搭房屋。桑拿是為數不多的進入世界語言範疇的芬蘭詞彙之一。芬蘭桑拿是一定完全用木材建造，其中一定包括蒸汽房、洗澡間和更衣室。芬蘭全國有不同大小桑拿上百萬間，平均每三個人就擁有一間桑拿房，密度是全球之冠。對到芬蘭旅遊的人來說，如果沒有洗過桑拿，就等於沒到過芬蘭。
References sources : Wikipedia
P207 - Finland
Exotic Finland
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland. The capital city is Helsinki.
Around 5.3 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern part of the country. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. The native language for most of the population is Finnish, a member of the Finno-Ugric language family most closely related to Estonian, and is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin. The other official language of Finland, Swedish, is the mother tongue of 5.5 percent of the population.Finland is a democratic, parliamentary republic with a mostly Helsinki-based central government and local governments in 348 municipalities. A total of a million residents live in Greater Helsinki (including Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa) and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other major cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Kuopio and Lahti.
Finland was historically a part of Sweden and from 1809 an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. Finland's declaration of independence from Russia in 1917 was followed by a civil war, wars against the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, and a period of official neutrality during the Cold War. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955, the OECD in 1969, and the European Union in 1995 and participates in the Eurozone. Finland has been ranked the second most stable country in the world, in a survey based on social, economic, political, and military indicators.
Finland has good results in many international comparisons of national performance such as the share of high-technology manufacturing, public education, health care, the rate of gross domestic product growth, and the protection of civil liberties.
芬蘭共和國（芬蘭語：Suomi）是北歐國家，陸地上與瑞典、挪威和俄羅斯接壤，西南面被波羅的海環繞，東南部為芬蘭灣，西面則為波的尼亞灣。
芬蘭嚴峻的氣候條件以及特殊的地理位置和歷史，使芬蘭人形成了極富北歐特色的民族性格和文化。芬蘭人性格內斂，行事低調，但實際上內心充滿民族自豪感，在全球化的今天並不隨波逐流，而是堅定的維護著自己的傳統文化。
芬蘭有很多著名的藝術家：偉大的音樂家西貝流士開創了民族音樂的新紀元，被譽為芬蘭民族音樂之父；語言學家倫洛特搜集編撰的充滿傳奇色彩的民族史詩《卡勒瓦拉》成為世界文學史中最偉大的史詩之一；著名建築大師阿爾瓦·阿爾托以充滿芬蘭本土傳統浪漫風格的設計在現代主義建築設計潮流中獨樹一幟。芬蘭還有一批世界一流的藝術家。尤為特別的是，芬蘭極具本民族文化特色的設計風格使許多幾十年前的工藝品和建築物在現代人眼中仍是新穎別緻、富有想象力的傑作。出自芬蘭設計大師之手的作品大都以簡潔實用的設計風格、優質的材料和精美的做工而享譽世界。
芬蘭還是聖誕老人的故鄉。1927年芬蘭的兒童故事大王瑪爾庫斯在電台講故事時說，聖誕老人和兩萬頭馴鹿一起就住在芬蘭和蘇聯分界的拉布蘭省「耳朵山」上，正是因為有「耳朵」，聖誕老人才能在北極聽到世界上所有孩子的心聲。他的這種頗有感染力的浪漫推理獲得了世人認可，從此，故事中的「耳朵山」就成了聖誕老人的故鄉。在每年的平安夜孩子們在睡覺前將長筒襪掛在壁爐旁，然後帶著熱切的期盼進入夢鄉，聖誕老人晚上就會乘著馴鹿拉的雪橇，把聖誕禮物從壁爐煙囪中分發到孩子們的長筒襪裡。
除了藝術，芬蘭人還發明了桑拿浴，號稱芬蘭的國粹。芬蘭諺語說：先建桑拿，再搭房屋。桑拿是為數不多的進入世界語言範疇的芬蘭詞彙之一。芬蘭桑拿是一定完全用木材建造，其中一定包括蒸汽房、洗澡間和更衣室。芬蘭全國有不同大小桑拿上百萬間，平均每三個人就擁有一間桑拿房，密度是全球之冠。對到芬蘭旅遊的人來說，如果沒有洗過桑拿，就等於沒到過芬蘭。
References sources : Wikipedia
P196 - Finland - Turku Castle
Turku Castle, Finland
The Turku Castle, is a monument of Finnish history situated in the city of Turku in Finland. Together with the Cathedral of Turku, Turku castle is one of the oldest buildings still in use in Finland. Turku castle is the largest surviving medieval building in Finland, and one of the largest surviving medieval castles in Scandinavia. This national monument standing on the banks of Aura river has experienced many stages for more than 700 years.
图尔库城堡位于奥拉河的入海口处，建于1280年。图尔库城堡不仅是芬兰最早、最大的城堡，而且还是芬兰最重要的城堡，在芬兰乃至整个北欧的历史上扮演着重要的角色。古朴的城堡是用岩石垒成的，高大的外墙没有任何装饰，露出常年风雨侵蚀的痕迹。中世纪时的图尔库城堡一直是瑞典王国统治芬兰的最重要的军事要塞。瑞典的14个国王都曾把这里作为统治芬兰的王宫。但是在历史上这座城堡也历经沧桑。17世纪初城堡被大火烧毁；19世纪初被辟为监狱；二战中又遭到轰炸而被严重破坏。战后，当地政府对城堡进行了多次修复，最近一次的大规模修缮工作是在1992年完工的。城堡里目前还有一个博物馆，展出了许多芬兰历史上珍贵的文物，非常值得参观。
References sources : Wikipedia, 芬兰旅游局
P165 - Finland - Tampere
Tampere, Finland
Tampere is a city in southern Finland located between two lakes, Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi. Since the two lakes differ in level by 18 metres (59 ft), the rapids linking them, Tammerkoski, have been an important power source throughout history, most recently for generating electricity. Tampere is dubbed the "Manchester of Finland" for its industrial past as the former center of Finnish industry, and this has given rise to its Finnish nickname "Manse" and terms using that such as Manserock.
The Tampere region, called Pirkanmaa, which includes outlying municipalities, had around 470,000 residents, of which 230,000 were employed, and a turnover of 25 billion euros in 2007.
Tampere is the most populous inland city in any of the Nordic countries. The city has a population of 209,749, with close to 300,000 people in the conurbation and over 340,000 in the metropolitan area. Tampere is the third most-populous municipality in Finland, after the Greater Helsinki municipalities of Helsinki and Espoo. Helsinki can be reached in 1.5–2 hours by train and 2–2.5 hours by car. The distance to Turku is approximately the same. Tampere airport is the second-busiest international airport in Finland, with 800,000 passengers annually.
坦佩雷(Tampere，瑞典语：Tammerfors），人口206,414人（2006年底），芬兰第三大城市，主要交通枢纽之一。
坦佩雷原为一个小市场，1775年由瑞典国王古斯塔夫三世所建，四年后正式建城。到19世纪下半叶，坦佩雷已经成为芬兰最主要的工业中心，集中了全国几乎一半的工业，号称“北方的曼彻斯特”。
坦佩雷位于芬兰西南部，南距赫尔辛基170公里。全市位于两个湖之间，由于两湖有18米的落差，所以水力为坦佩雷提供了主要的动力来源，直到今日，水力发电还是该市重要的电力来源之一。
坦佩雷市西侧接邻诺基亚市，为世界著名移动电话生产商诺基亚公司（Nokia Corporation)的诞生地。
References sources : Wikipedia
P164 - Finland - Toripolliisi in Oulu
Toripolliisi (Market Square policeman), the traditional Market hall, built in 1901, Oulu, Finland
Toripolliisi (The Bobby at the Market Place in English) is a bronze sculpture located at the Oulu Market Place in Finland. It was made by sculptor Kaarlo Mikkonen in 1987, and it is his only publicly displayed sculpture. The sculpture measures 220×150×112 centimeters (86,6×59×44 inches), and it was named in honor of the bobbies that once patrolled the market place. The sculpture was funded with the help of a public fund raising started in 1985, and it was revealed in September, 1987.
奧盧省是芬蘭的一個省，位於該國中部。面積57,000平方公里，2002年人口461,000人。首府奧盧。奧盧是芬兰第六大城市，位于波的尼亚湾的最北端。
十九世紀，奧盧曾經是世界上重要港口之一，原因當地柏油工業興盛，它的產品曾銷售全球。時至今日，奧盧仍是芬蘭西部科技重鎮﹔而它幾百年累積下來的古市集風情，連同河上泛舟釣魚樂趣，則成為吸引遊客的特色。
奧盧最著名的景点，是市集广场。广场前有个青铜警察。据说，当初oulu艺术馆馆长在一个画廊看到这个雕塑的原型画像，认为与广场的警察很想像，于是就集资将其雕塑成青铜像立于此地。现在这个胖警察，几乎成了oulu的代言人，你甚至可以在警察局办公室买到他的微缩版。还可以在市场的邮局发明信片，以获得有胖警察标记的邮戳。
References sources : Wikipedia , 芬兰旅游局
P163 - Finland - Helsinki Cathedral
Helsinki Lutheran Cathedral, Finland
Helsinki Cathedral (in Finnish Helsingin tuomiokirkko or Suurkirkko, in Swedish Helsingfors domkyrka or Storkyrkan) is an Evangelical Lutheran cathedral of the Diocese of Helsinki, located in the centre of Helsinki, Finland. The church was originally built as a tribute to the Grand Duke, Nicholas I, the Tsar of Russia and until the independence of Finland in 1917, it was called St. Nicholas' Church.
A distinct landmark in the scenery of central Helsinki, with a tall green dome surrounded by four smaller domes, the church was built in 1830-1852, in neoclassical style. It was designed by Carl Ludvig Engel, to form the climax of the whole Senate Square laid out by Engel, surrounded by a number of buildings all designed by him. The building has a Greek-cross plan (i.e. a square central mass and four arms of equal length), and is symmetrical in each of the four cardinal directions, each marked by a colonnade and pediment. Engel had intended to place a further row of columns on the west end to mark the main entrance (opposite the altar at the east end), but this was never realised. The building was later altered by his successor Ernst Lohrmann, whose four small domes make the architectural connection to the cathedral's model, Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, even clearer. Lohrmann also erected two separately standing bell towers and zinc statues of the Twelve Apostles at apexes and corners of the roofline.
Today the cathedral is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Helsinki. Annually more than 350,000 people visit the church, some of them to attend religious events, but most are tourists. The church is in regular use for both worship services and special events such as weddings. The crypt was renovated in the 1980s by architects Vilhelm Helander and Juha Leiviskä for use for exhibitions and church functions. Helander was also responsible for the conservation repairs to the cathedral in the late 1990s.
Before the cathedral was built, in its place a smaller church stood, called the Church of Ulrika Eleonora. It was dedicated to its patroness, Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden. A facsimile of this church, made entirely from snow, was later constructed on the Senate Square in the early 2000s.
赫尔辛基大教堂（芬兰语：Helsingin tuomiokirkko；瑞典语：Helsingfors domkyrka）是芬兰路德会赫尔辛基教区的主教座堂，位于芬兰首都赫尔辛基的市中心。这座教堂最初尊崇的是俄国沙皇尼古拉一世，直到1917年芬兰独立，都称为“圣尼古拉教堂”。
赫尔辛基大教堂有一个绿色的大圆顶，周围是四个小圆顶，构成赫尔辛基市中心的一道独特风景。教堂兴建于1830-1852年，新古典主义风格，能容纳1300人。构成议会广场的高潮，周边环绕着其他许多建筑。教堂平面为对称的希腊十字形，四面都有柱廊和三角楣饰。主入口位于西侧，祭坛位于东侧。四个小圆顶模仿了圣彼得堡的圣以撒大教堂。此外还有2个单独的钟楼，屋顶上安置有十二门徒的镀锌雕像。
今天，大教堂是赫尔辛基的主要景点之一。每年有超过350,000人参观这座教堂，其中一些人参加宗教仪式，但是大部分只是游客。这座教堂及举行日常的礼拜，也举行婚礼等特别活动。
在大教堂兴建以前，此处有一座较小的教堂乌尔丽卡·埃利诺拉教堂，主保圣人是瑞典女王乌尔丽卡·埃利诺拉。
References sources : Wikipedia
P156- Finland - Finnish traditional sauna
Finnish traditional sauna, Soumenniemi , Finland
The Finnish sauna is a substantial part of Finnish culture. There are five million inhabitants and over two million saunas in Finland - an average of one per household. For Finnish people the sauna is a place for easing with friends and family, and a place for physical and mental relaxation. Finns think of saunas not as a luxury, but as a necessity. Before the rise of public health care and nursery facilities, almost all Finnish mothers gave birth in saunas.
芬蘭全國有不同大小桑拿共百多萬間，遊客無論在任何大小城鎮，也不難找到這地道特色。首先各酒店均備有桑拿房供住客使用，除此之外，還有更具規模及傳統風味的選擇。
在芬蘭享受蒸氣浴，習慣有一套沿用已久規格。首先桑拿室以純木材建造，當中亦必包括蒸汽房、洗澡間和更衣室。蒸汽室有加熱石頭，而室溫通常調較至攝氏50度到80度間。進行芬蘭浴過程時，人們不時澆水於燒熱石頭上以產生蒸汽，不過濕度規定一立方米空氣含水氣50到60克。為了調節濕度，蒸汽房裝有隨時可開關的小窗。
芬蘭浴第一步先淋浴清潔，隨即赤身進入蒸汽房(所有公共桑拿也男女分開使用，而攜帶毛巾只作墊坐之作)。享受熱氣蒸浴時，人們都慣以浸軟白樺樹枝葉拍打身體，讓血液運行加快，皮膚毛孔盡量張開，汗水更暢順流出體外。
當出汗一段時間，大家便要來趟淋浴清潔並冷卻身體（在郊外的桑拿，人們很多時直接跳入湖水洗身），待熱氣散去後再回蒸氣房拍打、出汗，跟著又淋水冷卻。
如是者來回數遍，體內污垢排出，人也充分鬆馳，最後再作徹底清潔，芬蘭浴才告完成。浴後緊記吃點高鹽份食物，以補充身體所失。
References sources : Wikipedia
P120 - Finland - Pallastunturi
Morning light on the fell lake at Pallastunturi, Finland
The Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park is located in Western Lapland, in a forest and fell area between Kolari, Kittilä, Muonio and Enontekiö.
The Pallastunturi Hills - with their treeless slopes one of Finland's most popular skiing areas - lie in the northwest of the country, near the Swedish frontier, in the middle of a chain of hills extending from Yllästunturi (740m/2,428ft) in the south to Ounastunturi (738m/2,421ft) in the north.
References sources : planetware
P102 - Finland - Helsinki Lutheran Cathedral
Helsinki Lutheran Cathedral, Finland
Helsinki Cathedral (in Finnish Helsingin tuomiokirkko or Suurkirkko, in Swedish Helsingfors domkyrka or Storkyrkan) is an Evangelical Lutheran cathedral of the Diocese of Helsinki, located in the centre of Helsinki, Finland. The church was originally built as a tribute to the Grand Duke, Nicholas I, the Tsar of Russia and until the independence of Finland in 1917, it was called St. Nicholas' Church.
A distinct landmark in the scenery of central Helsinki, with a tall green dome surrounded by four smaller domes, the church was built in 1830-1852, in neoclassical style. It was designed by Carl Ludvig Engel, to form the climax of the whole Senate Square laid out by Engel, surrounded by a number of buildings all designed by him. The building has a Greek-cross plan (i.e. a square central mass and four arms of equal length), and is symmetrical in each of the four cardinal directions, each marked by a colonnade and pediment. Engel had intended to place a further row of columns on the west end to mark the main entrance (opposite the altar at the east end), but this was never realised. The building was later altered by his successor Ernst Lohrmann, whose four small domes make the architectural connection to the cathedral's model, Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, even clearer. Lohrmann also erected two separately standing bell towers and zinc statues of the Twelve Apostles at apexes and corners of the roofline.
Today the cathedral is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Helsinki. Annually more than 350,000 people visit the church, some of them to attend religious events, but most are tourists. The church is in regular use for both worship services and special events such as weddings. The crypt was renovated in the 1980s by architects Vilhelm Helander and Juha Leiviskä for use for exhibitions and church functions. Helander was also responsible for the conservation repairs to the cathedral in the late 1990s.
Before the cathedral was built, in its place a smaller church stood, called the Church of Ulrika Eleonora. It was dedicated to its patroness, Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden. A facsimile of this church, made entirely from snow, was later constructed on the Senate Square in the early 2000s.
赫尔辛基大教堂（芬兰语：Helsingin tuomiokirkko；瑞典语：Helsingfors domkyrka）是芬兰路德会赫尔辛基教区的主教座堂，位于芬兰首都赫尔辛基的市中心。这座教堂最初尊崇的是俄国沙皇尼古拉一世，直到1917年芬兰独立，都称为“圣尼古拉教堂”。
赫尔辛基大教堂有一个绿色的大圆顶，周围是四个小圆顶，构成赫尔辛基市中心的一道独特风景。教堂兴建于1830-1852年，新古典主义风格，能容纳1300人。构成议会广场的高潮，周边环绕着其他许多建筑。教堂平面为对称的希腊十字形，四面都有柱廊和三角楣饰。主入口位于西侧，祭坛位于东侧。四个小圆顶模仿了圣彼得堡的圣以撒大教堂。此外还有2个单独的钟楼，屋顶上安置有十二门徒的镀锌雕像。
今天，大教堂是赫尔辛基的主要景点之一。每年有超过350,000人参观这座教堂，其中一些人参加宗教仪式，但是大部分只是游客。这座教堂及举行日常的礼拜，也举行婚礼等特别活动。
在大教堂兴建以前，此处有一座较小的教堂乌尔丽卡·埃利诺拉教堂，主保圣人是瑞典女王乌尔丽卡·埃利诺拉。
References sources : Wikipedia
P100 - Finland - Helsinki
Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the southern part of Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, by the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is 577,928 (28 February 2009), making it the most populous municipality in Finland by a wide margin. The foreign-born population stands at around 10%.
Helsinki, along with the neighbouring cities of Vantaa (Vanda), Espoo (Esbo), and Kauniainen (Grankulla), constitutes what is known as the capital region, with over 1,000,000 inhabitants. The Greater Helsinki area contains 12 municipalities and has a population of over 1,300,000. The Greater Helsinki accounts for a quarter of the population of Finland, 29% of jobs, and a third of the GDP.
Helsinki is Finland's capital for business, education, research, culture, and government. Greater Helsinki has eight universities and six technology parks. Some 70% of foreign companies operating in Finland have settled in the Helsinki region. The immigration of rural residents has made it one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Europe.
Finland's main international airline hub, Helsinki-Vantaa Airport is 40 minutes from the city center, with direct flights around the world. The busy Helsinki–Tallinn route takes 1.5 hours by sea and 18 minutes by helicopter. Two other big cities in Finland, Tampere and Turku, can be reached in 1.5–2 hours by train[7] and 1.5–2.5 hours by car.
In early 2009, Helsinki has started contemplating a possible merger with Vantaa. On 30 March 2009, the city council of Vantaa agreed to do a review of Helsinki's proposal of a possible merger. The city council emphasises that the review is not about a possible discontinuation of the city of Vantaa.
赫尔辛基（芬兰语：Helsinki），瑞典语称赫尔辛弗斯（Helsingfors），是芬兰的首都，在芬兰南部芬兰湾沿海，所谓“大赫尔辛基”是由赫尔辛基和埃斯波、万塔、考尼艾南四个城市一起组成的首都区，共有接近一百万人口。
赫尔辛基是欧洲夏季旅游胜地，尤其在夏至前后的白夜期间，由于地处高纬度，夏天太阳只落下一个小时，但气温不高，气候凉爽，港口外几个小岛更是游泳的好地方。但冬季常为阴天，太阳仅在空中持续几个小时，可是由于大西洋暖流，气候并不寒冷，比北京的晴空万里的冬日要暖和得多。北欧几个国家统一的交通法律是，只要汽车一启动，不管白天夜晚，大灯一定要打开。芬兰法律规定，任何建筑，没有供暖设备一律不得施工建设。为了适应当地的气候，一般建筑的窗子都相当大，以便采光，门上都按有气压自动关门的设施。桑拿浴是芬兰人发明的，几乎每家在郊外的湖边都有自己的桑拿屋。
芬兰人崇尚古朴，即使五星级旅店的自动玻璃门四边也要镶上雕花木条以示古老，地毯颜色黯淡，赫尔辛基全市找不出金碧辉煌的装饰，市中心还保留砖石砌的旧路，有的酒店内也镶上砖做成清水墙样，打扮的像个砖窑。
芬兰因为自己国家小，但森林面积大，主要工业是出口纸浆，几乎人人都学习外语，会两三门外语的芬兰人比比皆是，连旅店的清洁工英语也非常流利，电视放映外国影片从来不翻译，许多孩子从小看电视就学会了外语，中国人在街上甚至都能碰到从广播中学汉语的芬兰人来搭讪。
References sources : Wikipedia
P75 - Finland - Olavinlina Castle
Olavinlina Castle, Savonlinna, Finland)
Savonlinna (The Finnish name means Castle of Savonia.) is a town and a municipality of 27,828 (28 February 2009) inhabitants in the southeast of Finland, in the heart of the Saimaa lake region.
The city was founded in 1639, based around Olavinlinna. The castle was founded by Erik Axelsson Tott in 1475 in an effort to protect Savonia and to control the unstable border between the Kingdom of Sweden and its Russian adversary. During the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743), the castle was captured by Field-Marshal Peter Lacy. It was held by Russia between 1743 and 1812, when it was granted back to Finland as a part of the "Old Finland".
Olavinlinna (Swedish: Olofsborg; literally St. Olaf's Castle) is a 15th century three-tower castle located in Savonlinna, Finland. It is the world's most northern medieval stone fortress still standing.
Currently, the castle hosts several small exhibitions, including the Castle Museum which displays artifacts found in the castle or related to it, and the Orthodox Museum which displays icons and other religious artifacts both from Finland and Russia. The castle forms a spectacular stage for the Savonlinna Opera Festival, held annually in the summer since 1912.
薩翁林納 (Savonlinna)位於全歐最大湖區中心位置的薩翁林納，是緊握塞馬湖航運樞紐的主要重鎮。薩城由一組群島所組成，週圍湖水也少受污染。
五百多年前瑞典皇朝於此建立城堡，以防範來自東方的俄國侵略。及後，以貿易為主的移民在城堡四周聚集定居，薩翁林納逐漸發展成東部繁榮重鎮。
如今薩翁林納是芬蘭主要旅遊城市，城堡每年一度的大型歌劇節，更替這處美麗湖水，加添繽紛色彩。
薩翁林納城堡建於1475年的薩翁林納城堡，是北歐保存最好一座。這巍峨中古建築倒影在清幽湖水上，景致美得令人一見難忘；無論在藍天白雲下，或斜陽暮色中，也叫欣賞者迷醉不已。
* 城堡內有兩所博物館展覽以前歷史。
* 每年一度薩翁林納歌劇節，就是在此宏大內院中舉行。
References sources : wikipedia, 芬兰旅游局
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